~： Single Chapter: Knowledge of Autonomous Driving

Let’s learn about science and summarize some pictures. If you are interested, let’s take a look. You probably know one thing.

Different organizations have different grading standards for autonomous driving: the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the United States divides autonomous driving into five levels, while the International Society of Automated Mechanical Engineers (SAE) has six standards from L0 to L5. The classification of L0, L1, and L2 is the same for both levels, except that L4 of NHTSA is subdivided into L4 and L5 by SAE.

There are many SAE standards in China.

L0: No automation configuration, the driver drives the vehicle entirely, without any active safety configuration (ABS or anything).

- This type of car has almost disappeared from the market. Safety is emphasized all over the world. It is almost impossible to sell a car without any active safety configuration.

L1: Driving assistance, the vehicle has certain functions to assist the driver to perform specific tasks of lateral or longitudinal vehicle movement (but not at the same time to complete the complex task of parallel overtaking), and the driver assumes most of the vehicle control capabilities.

—Models with the most basic functions such as cruise control and ABS braking are widely available on the market. Before they appeared, 99% of the cars in the world were of this type.

L2: Advanced driver assistance, the vehicle can have a certain ability to assist the driver to perform vehicle motion tasks including lateral and vertical (the vehicle can autonomously achieve specific complex tasks), but the driver needs to monitor the vehicle in real time to complete these tasks.

L3: Automatic driving in specific scenarios (ODD), when the vehicle performs "dynamic driving" (DDT), with the consent of the owner, the automatic driving system (ADS) can intervene in the entire vehicle driving. Of course, the car owner can make corrections at any time when the vehicle is driving autonomously.

-The vehicle can realize automatic driving in specific scenarios (high speed, low speed, parking), but the owner needs to monitor in real time. Unlike L2, this is a complete set of end-to-end process (EndtoEnd), not a task called up when driving .

L4: Advanced automatic driving. All operations of the vehicle are realized by the automatic driving system. In the execution scenario (ODD), the vehicle has no illogical performance (no errors), and the operation intervention of the car owner is not required at all.

- The vehicle completes autonomous driving in a specific scenario without the need for a car owner. It's a bit like a fully automatic subway. The whole world is pondering how to reach L4. Scientists have been researching this field for a long time, and their fantasy is also quite long.

L5: Regardless of whether it is in a specific execution scenario (ODD), the vehicle can reach the destination through autonomous driving without the owner's operation.

—Anytime, anywhere, on-call, the kind of autonomous driving that you don’t even need to enter the parking lot, the ultimate goal of transportation.

The following are some pictures, open to see.

1) Grading chart

2) Radar function diagram

3) System industry chain diagram

4) Comparison of camera and radar performance

5) Distribution map of body radar and camera