Chapter 331

Blackbody radiation.

Any object has the ability to radiate, absorb and reflect electromagnetic radiation, which is related to the characteristics of the object itself and temperature.

In the element system, the magic of heat has always been the type that mages are keen to study. To study this magic, we have to mention the black body.

Blackbody is an ideal model, which means that it can completely absorb external radiation without any reflection, and convert it into thermal radiation completely. The spectral characteristics of thermal radiation are independent of materials, only related to temperature.

In metallurgy and lighting industry, because people need to study the relationship between the intensity and frequency of blackbody radiation, mage began to study the blackbody radiation.

At first, according to the theory of classical element system, people thought that its intensity and frequency should be linearly correlated, but the results of black iron radiation experiment conducted by mages were not so.

Later, after a series of explorations, the mages summed up a law of thermal radiation displacement, that is, at a certain temperature, the product of the temperature of the blackbody and the wavelength at which the maximum radiation value is located is a constant, but it was not long before people found that this law only holds in the region with a shorter wavelength, but it fails in the region with a longer wavelength, that is, in the low frequency region.

Then, according to the energy equipartition theorem, the Auckland Davey law is proposed. This law states that the total energy radiated per unit area of the blackbody surface in unit time is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the blackbody itself. This law well explains the problem of black iron radiation in the low-frequency field. However, in the high-frequency field, with the increase of frequency, the radiation of black iron increases The radiation energy also tends to be infinite, which is contrary to the experimental data.

Because of the high frequency field, the spectrum is close to purple, so Carl David, the legendary mage who proposed this law, also called it "ultraviolet cataclysm".

Ludwig Stein has been working on the problem of blackbody radiation for the past two years.

"Teacher, have you solved this problem?"

EULA immediately gathered up and opened the stack of data.

This is Stein's manuscript. Except for some suggestive expository words, it is almost a formula and derivation process. It is more like an answer paper than a paper.

The three students just looked at it and were immediately attracted.

"Wait a minute, how can it be explained like this..."

"... It's so strange that such a method should be used..."

"my God, what do I see, quantum? Is energy... Not continuous? "

This paper overturned the three people's cognition. When they finished reading, they did not rush to discuss the conclusions in the paper, but fell into a long silence.

Because the thinking contained in this calculation is too advanced.

Mr. Stein proposed the concept of energy quantization. The center of radiation of an object is a kind of linear harmonic oscillator. Radiation is actually the process of energy exchange between harmonic oscillator and surrounding electromagnetic field. The energy carried by each harmonic oscillator is not continuous, but has specific discrete values, which are integral multiples of a minimum value.

It is explained by a simple formula, that is e = nhv, where V is the vibration frequency and N is the ratio, and h. Stein obtained that its value is a constant through calculation. According to the Convention, he named it Stein constant.

The distribution curve of energy radiation density and frequency derived from this formula is completely consistent with the experimental results of blackbody radiation, which means that the problem of blackbody radiation can be perfectly solved by using this formula.

But the premise is that the quantum hypothesis is correct.

In people's eyes, the world is continuous, whether it is a line, a piece of paper, or water, mountains, or even time. These are continuous. The measurement standard given by people can be infinitely subdivided, and absolutely will not appear irreparable fracture when it is subdivided to a certain extent.

But in the hypothesis of Mr. Stein, energy is composed of discontinuous values. When the temperature rises, the energy does not increase linearly, but jumps to the next level directly after reaching a threshold, without any transition.

It's against common sense.

However, the explanation of blackbody radiation derived from quantum hypothesis is so simple and elegant that it is irresistible.

Euler felt that he had been hit on the head by a heavy hammer. He couldn't think about anything else. Even miss Wendy's scarf downstairs lost its color.

The other two are in a similar situation, especially Robinson, who was originally a supporter of the theory of light fluctuation. But now, Mr. Stein's quantum theory says that energy is not continuous, but discontinuous dots. Does this mean that the light carrying energy is not continuous waves, but independent particles?

"This is only a hypothesis, purely based on mathematical inference, but we can see that from the quantum hypothesis, we can get a conclusion that is completely consistent with the experimental data. At the same time, this formula can also be similar to the thermal radiation displacement law and Oakland David law in the high and low frequency fields. The more concise and elegant the conclusion is, in the words of Lena Ian gray, The more likely it is to be true. "Mr. Stein said that when he calculated the series of theories, he clearly felt the encouragement from the world. However, because this is only a paper inference, and there is no support for the experimental data of quantum, he naturally can not generate feedback from the world. But his intuition tells Stein that his conjecture is correct.

Once he thought of the quantum hypothesis, Stein felt that he had opened the door to a new world. He felt that this hypothesis might be a powerful cornerstone for the mages to further explore the world, so he couldn't wait to pick up the manuscript and share it with the students.

"When I go back today, I will organize the calculation process into a paper and submit it to the high-level Council for deliberation tomorrow!"

Stein put away the manuscript and turned to say.

As a high-level mage, his thesis does not go through the normal review process, but is directly submitted to the high-level Council for review by other high-level mages and even legendary mages. The review process is likely to last for half a month.

Looking at the teacher leaving, some of the three talents who were disappointed had come back to their senses.

What shocked them was not only their teacher's thesis, but also the thinking contained in it.

Euler thought that even if he was given a hundred years, he would not think of it, and even dare not think of assuming that the energy was discontinuous, but his teacher was so determined.

He also thought that Lena Ian gray, a young man, had reached the level of chatting and laughing with high-level mages. The distance between himself and the other side was much larger than he thought.

Think of here, Euler's heart, and shrouded in dark clouds.

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