Chapter 502： : Bezos’s request, the remains of the departure station [Anti-theft] [FiveK...

【Anti-theft badge, refreshed in old time】

[not to repeat it]

[Chapter 3 will be an update of No. 4]

On October 11, the first phase of the fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) will kick off in Kunming, Yunnan Province.

2021 is when the global ecological environment is being affected by climate warming. This conference is undoubtedly the most important meeting of the United Nations and the most important international conference hosted by our country this year. The theme of this conference is "Ecological Civilization: Building a Community of Life on Earth", advocating the promotion of global ecological civilization construction, emphasizing that man and nature are a community of life, emphasizing respect for nature, conformity to nature, and protection of nature, and strive to reach the agreement proposed by 2050. To realize the sustainable use of biodiversity and benefit sharing by the year, and realize the vision of "harmonious symbiosis between man and nature".

At the opening of the conference, what the outside world is most concerned about is: What does global warming actually mean for the earth, humans and other living things? Today, let us go back to about 55 million years ago and experience the "Paleocene·Eocene Extreme Heat Event Period (PETM together, which may give us some inspiration today.

PETM began 10 million years after the extinction of the dinosaurs

10 million years after the extinction of the dinosaurs, the global average temperature suddenly rose sharply. During this period known as the "Paleocene·Eocene Extreme Heat Event (PETM, large-scale emissions of greenhouse gases led to the global The temperature has risen by at least 5 degrees.

Provided by Red Star News During this period of global climate abnormality, the global ecological environment has undergone drastic changes due to the turbulence of the atmosphere and ocean

It is reported that the root cause of this global climate change does not come from the atmosphere, but from under the ocean. In this regard, some paleontologists and geologists speculate that in the period after the Paleocene or the extinction of the dinosaurs, a certain degree of natural warming occurred in the global climate, which caused a large amount of methane crystals to be deposited and converted into gas. The seabed emits excessive amounts of methane gas into the water and air. This greenhouse gas, which is stronger than carbon dioxide, warms the earth rapidly, causing the average temperature to soar by more than 12 degrees in less than 20,000 years, and thereafter 7 It maintained a stable level for more than 10,000 years, and then began a long and slow decline.

During this period of abnormal global climate, due to the turbulence of the atmosphere and ocean, the global ecological environment has undergone drastic changes: there is no ice in the polar regions, and alligators ran to settle in the overgrown swamps near the Arctic; subtropical forests spread all over the continent and extended to the northern latitudes. Regions; most of the deep-sea creatures are extinct, terrestrial animals have decreased and migrated northward to the colder climate areas to thrive, and some new animal groups, including primates, have begun to take a place here...

Provided by Red Star News During this period of global climate anomaly, most of the deep-sea creatures became extinct, and terrestrial animals decreased and migrated northward to live in colder climates.

Everything that happened during this ancient "global warming" period is fully reflected in the fossil record. Now, as global warming is intensifying, these records may help humans understand its impact on the ecological environment.

Biological extinction begins in the ocean

In this global warming, marine ecology has suffered the most deadly blow.

In a sense, the ocean on the earth is like a huge conveyor belt. Under normal circumstances, cold air and seawater are mixed in the southern hemisphere to form "deep water" with high density and low temperature, and it is constantly in motion. However, during the warmer PETM period, the high temperature climate caused more rainfall in the Arctic, which weakened ocean currents and changed the marine ecological environment.

Provided by Red Star News PETM has suffered the most deadly blow to marine ecology

In less than 5,000 years, the cold air and sea water in the North Atlantic began to mix, and the changes in water flow made the ocean warmer. The higher temperature accelerates the metabolism of aquatic organisms, and their demand for food increases accordingly. However, the paradox is that the higher the water temperature, the lower the oxygen content, which leads to the extinction of a large number of deep-sea creatures. In short, the warm PETM period puts marine life in a difficult survival situation: animals need more food to survive, and the lack of oxygen makes the living environment worse, and the lack of nutrients continues to destroy the ocean. Food chain.

The impact of climate change lasted for nearly 100,000 years, and some organisms died because they could not keep up with the changes. For example, a deep-sea species called "benthic foraminifera" suffered a large-scale death due to this change. For a long time, benthic foraminifera have been the staple food of many small marine organisms. Because of their abundant presence in the fossil record, they are also a favorite of paleontologists who study evolution and extinction.

Scientists’ research found that more than 35% of “benthic foraminifera” became extinct during this period. This is the only major crisis of this species in the past 90 million years. Paleontologists speculate that their disappearance has had a huge impact on the marine ecological chain.

Mammals that gradually "shrink"

66 million years ago, before an asteroid destroyed all non-avian dinosaurs, the largest furry creature on Earth weighed only 11 pounds (approximately 4.98 kilograms), the size of an American badger. About 1 million years later, as the new ecological niche was cleared by mass extinction, the largest furry creature was about the size of a German Shepherd.

provided by Red Star News Moose

Animals thrived in the warm forest and formed new forms such as herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. However, under the high temperatures of the PETM period, some animals began to shrink in size, which is similar to what biologists have found in mammals today. For example, in cold climates, moose usually weigh about 80 pounds (about 36.28 kg) than their southern counterparts.

This is because the larger the animal size, the stronger the ability to retain heat in the body. Relative to the overall mass, the smaller the proportion of body surface exposed to the natural environment, the slower the animal loses heat. But in the hot season, keeping warm is not so important. Exhausting excess heat becomes the key to survival, and small organisms have a larger surface area to weight ratio, which makes it easier to excrete heat. For example, an early horse called Sifrhippussandrae shrank by nearly a third during the PETM period, while an early primate called Cantusabditus shrank in the middle to late stages of the PETM period. About 10%.

Insects "survival" diversity increases

Unlike mammals, the PETM period is undoubtedly a good time for insects. The warm climate promotes the spread of dry tropical forests to the north. Since many insects are thermophilic animals (their body temperature and physiological needs are related to the climate of their habitat), climate warming has opened new doors for the emergence of a large number of tiny organisms.

Provided by Red Star News Climate warming has opened new doors for the emergence of a large number of tiny organisms

These evidences are all preserved in the fossils of this period. Scientists say that more than 5,000 plant fossils from before, during and after the PETM period show that the number of insects and the diversity of damage are on the rise. At the same time, a study conducted in the Great Horn Basin of Wyoming, USA showed that more than half of the leaves in the fossils left over from this period were destroyed by insects, which is 20% higher than before or after the PETM period.

And now, some insects, such as some mosquitoes and ticks, have been adapting to the new climate environment and expanding into new areas of life. A 2019 study estimated that by 2080, the number of people worldwide exposed to mosquito-borne diseases could increase by nearly 1 billion.

Species "change" extremely fast

On earth, changes are taking place every minute and every second. Some species are going extinct, and some are evolving. Paleontologists call the rate at which new species replace old ones "replacement." Fossils from the Paleocene oceanic relics indicate that near the surface, the "replacement" process occurred at an extremely rapid rate during the PETM period.

Fossils from the Paleocene marine relics provided by Red Star News show that close to the surface, the "replacement" process occurred at an extremely fast rate during the PETM period

In the shallow water near the coast, snails and clams died one after another, but they were quickly replaced by similar molluscs, which played the same ecological role-sifting sand and eating seaweed. The changes in other species are even more dramatic. For example, after experiencing a mass extinction, triggerfish and puffer fish took nearly 20 million years to evolve enough new species to restore their lost diversity.

Near the equator, coral polyps similar to the corals that survive today disappeared. Disc-shaped creatures called "large foraminifera" filled their niche and became the builders of coral reefs until the ocean several million years later. Finally cooled down again.

Precipitation causes global climate ice and fire

During the PETM period, rising temperatures led to changes in the global rainwater cycle, which provided necessary help for the spread of the subtropical canopy, resulting in polar swamp forests.

Most of the weather patterns on the earth provided by Red Star News: The way air and water circulate in the ocean and sky are affected by the temperature difference between the hot equator and the cold poles.

Before the Paleocene-Eocene, the evaporated water near the middle of the earth formed rain clouds, and there was precipitation in tropical regions and extreme latitudes. However, the warming of the climate has caused changes in the airflow, causing more equatorial moisture to reach the remote Antarctic and Arctic regions before returning to the earth. This is one of the reasons why hickory and cypress trees grew in the ancient Arctic. These plants provided places for lemurs and primates to climb.

Research provided by Red Star News shows that by the end of this century, the soil in the southwestern United States will be 10% to 20% more dry than it is now, and the risk of drought will increase by at least 20%

But the rain that falls has to go somewhere. In some parts of the world, the surge of wet weather means that more water will evaporate in arid areas. Today’s climate change may have a similar effect, and wetter winters have increased the frequency of destructive floods in northwestern Europe. At the same time, the southwestern United States is getting dry year by year. Studies have shown that by the end of this century, the soil in the southwestern United States will be 10% to 20% more dry than it is now, and the risk of drought will increase by at least 20%.

Hundreds of waters around the world may fall back to the PETM era

At the beginning of the PETM period, the ocean temperature was already very high. For example, before the warming, the equatorial temperature of the ancient Atlantic Ocean was 36.6 degrees, which is about 8.8 degrees higher than the temperature of the Atlantic Ocean today. The extremely hot sea water makes the deep sea lose its cooling source, and the oxygen level in the water drops. At the same time, global warming has caused a large amount of carbon dioxide to be absorbed by the ocean, which has caused the acidity of the sea to rise sharply, and few life can survive in such a suffocating place.

Provided by Red Star News Global warming has caused a large amount of carbon dioxide to be absorbed by the ocean, causing the acidity of the sea to rise sharply

However, in the fossil deposits of the Paleocene and Tertiary, paleontologists discovered that in the seawater of nearly 38 degrees at the equator, the tiny organisms that caused the "red tide" began to proliferate in large numbers.

Provided by Red Star News that the oceanographic survey ship conducts research and investigation in the Baltic Sea

Right now, waters in various regions of the world are responding to a similar situation: hundreds of so-called "dead zones" have been recorded around the world, including multiple locations such as the Gulf of Mexico and the Baltic Sea, and are facing the risk of regressing to the "PETM era".

Experts say that the current rate of carbon emissions is unprecedented

In fact, scientists often use the PETM period as a benchmark for comparing modern climate changes. However, studies have shown that because the current global warming rate far exceeds any climate event that occurred after the extinction of the dinosaurs, our rate of parity with this benchmark is faster than previously expected.

Provided by Red Star News Global warming is increasing, Antarctic ice melting is increasing

A study released in 2019 found that humans are now emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere at a rate 9 to 10 times that of the PETM period 56 million years ago. The results of the study show that if carbon emissions continue to rise, the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from the beginning of the use of fossil fuels to 2159 may be equivalent to the total amount of carbon dioxide released during the PETM period.

Gabriel Bowen, a geophysicist at the University of Utah, said, “If everything is business as usual, even with PETM as a background reference, today’s carbon emissions will be at an unprecedented rate. Therefore, in terms of understanding how the earth responds to this change, we don’t have Many geological examples can be used for reference."

Editor's note: At present, the mainstream method of diagnosing mental problems in the medical field is to use a checklist system. Clinicians will compare the list of symptoms with the experience reported by the patient to determine what kind of disease it is. However, the symptoms of depression and anxiety have many similarities, making it difficult for the patient or a professional doctor to distinguish the two diseases. However, considering the similarities in the treatment of these two diseases, it is impossible to distinguish between the two and the impact on the treatment effect is not very large. Even so, scientists are currently actively exploring in this field, trying to subdivide the classification of diseases in order to provide patients with tailor-made treatment plans. This article is translated from Medium, the author Erman Misirlisoy, PhD, the original title is ", orIsItAnxiety?", I hope to inspire you. ‘

How did anxiety and depression begin, and how did they end?

In 2017, the World Health Organization estimated that 4.4% of the world's people (over 300 million people) suffer from depression, and 3.6% (over 250 million people) suffer from anxiety. But there is a fact that makes this situation more complicated: many people with depression symptoms also have anxiety symptoms, and many people with anxiety symptoms also have depression symptoms. This makes it difficult to reliably diagnose and distinguish between these two diseases.

The current mainstream method of diagnosing mental problems is to use a checklist system, such as the latest version of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-5). The clinician compares the list of symptoms with the experience reported by the patient. If a person continues to have symptoms such as depression and feelings of worthlessness, he may be diagnosed with major depression. If a person usually experiences constant anxiety and irritability, they may be cut off as generalized anxiety disorder. But looking at these standards for each disease, it is not difficult to find that there are many commonalities. For example, depression and anxiety can hinder life activities, hinder sleep, and consume one's own energy.

The main difference between these two diseases is the basic state of a person’s emotions: extreme sadness can be defined as depression, and extreme fear or worry can be defined as anxiety. But we can also easily see the connection between the two. When people feel sad about their lives and past experiences, they will also feel anxious about the direction of their future lives. When they feel anxious about the future, they also feel sad about their current life.

Because the symptoms of anxiety and depression overlap considerably, and because patients can show the same symptoms for different reasons, clinicians should consider the overall situation when making a diagnosis. Hack said: "The DSM diagnosis of depression or anxiety (or both) must take into account the entire clinical situation, not any specific symptoms or signs." Most people diagnosed with anxiety or depression There also seem to be symptoms of other diseases. As Rosser said: "Comorbidity is the norm. UU Reading "

According to foreign media reports from Kuai Technology, at the Tesla 2021 shareholders meeting in Austin, Texas, Musk told reporters about his new goal. He hopes to pass SpaceX by 2050 and be on Mars. Build a city with 1 million inhabitants and build a Tesla factory there.

Musk said that Tesla’s first alien factory may wait for many years. Although I don’t know what it will develop in the next 40 years, I hope to see it on Mars before he passes away. In addition, Musk also said that as Tesla's factories in Austin and Berlin are built and run together with factories in Fremont, California and Shanghai, new factories may be built.

In the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it was proposed that more secondary vocational students should receive better and higher-level vocational education. With the release of the "National Vocational Education Reform Implementation Plan" at the beginning of 2019, vocational education and general education have the same important status, and the policy has also been clarified.

As of September 2020, Chengdu has 87 secondary vocational schools with 184,000 students. Among them, the "double certificate" rate of secondary vocational graduates reached 83.8%, and the employment rate remained above 98%. The export and success of secondary vocational students have received attention from the central to the local level.

Click on Kesan’s Golden Three’s card to be coquettish and have to tell everyone

Https://

Genius remembers this site address in one second: 　Mobile version reading URL: